Introduction
The Apostle Paul’s letter to the Romans is one of the most profound theological works in the New Testament. Chapters 9 and 10 are particularly important for understanding the relationship between Israel and the Church. These chapters address complex issues of God’s sovereignty, election, and righteousness, as well as the role of faith in salvation.
Historical Background
Paul wrote Romans around A.D. 57 during his third missionary journey, likely from Corinth. The letter was addressed to the Christian community in Rome, which comprised both Jewish and Gentile believers. Tensions between these groups often arose, particularly concerning the role of the Mosaic Law and the inclusion of Gentiles in God’s plan of salvation. Paul aims to bridge these divisions by explaining how God’s plan encompasses both Jews and Gentiles.
Romans 9: God’s Sovereign Choice
Key Themes and Analysis
Paul’s Sorrow for Israel (Romans 9:1-5)
Paul begins with an expression of deep anguish for his fellow Israelites who have not accepted Christ. Despite their unique privileges (adoption, covenants, law, worship, and promises), many Israelites have rejected the Messiah.
God’s Promise and Human Descent (Romans 9:6-13)
Paul addresses the apparent contradiction between God’s promises to Israel and the current unbelief of many Jews. He clarifies that not all physical descendants of Israel are considered true Israel. Using examples of Isaac over Ishmael and Jacob over Esau, Paul illustrates that God’s promise and election do not depend on human ancestry or works but on God’s sovereign choice.
God’s Justice and Mercy (Romans 9:14-24)
Paul anticipates objections to God’s sovereignty by asserting God’s absolute right to show mercy and harden hearts according to His will. Using the analogy of the potter and clay, Paul emphasizes that God has the authority to shape human destiny for His purposes.
Inclusion of Gentiles and a Remnant of Israel (Romans 9:25-29)
Paul cites Hosea and Isaiah to demonstrate that God’s plan always included the calling of Gentiles and the preservation of a remnant of Israel. This remnant concept highlights that within Israel, a faithful group remains true to God’s promises.
The Stumbling Stone (Romans 9:30-33)
The chapter concludes by contrasting the pursuit of righteousness by faith versus works. The Gentiles, who did not pursue righteousness, have attained it through faith, while Israel, pursuing the law, has stumbled over Christ, the “stumbling stone.” This stumbling is prophesied in Isaiah, revealing that faith in Christ, not the law, is the basis of righteousness.
Romans 10: Righteousness by Faith
Key Themes and Analysis
Paul’s Desire for Israel’s Salvation (Romans 10:1-4)
Paul reiterates his deep desire for the salvation of his fellow Jews. He acknowledges their zeal for God but points out that it is not based on true knowledge. Israel’s pursuit of self-righteousness through the law misses the righteousness that comes from God through faith in Christ.
The Message of Faith (Romans 10:5-13)
Paul contrasts the righteousness based on the law with the righteousness based on faith. He quotes Leviticus and Deuteronomy to show that the law points towards faith. Paul emphasizes that the word of faith is near and accessible: “If you confess with your mouth ‘Jesus is Lord’ and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved” (Romans 10:9). Salvation is available to all who call on the name of the Lord, regardless of ethnic background.
The Necessity of Preaching (Romans 10:14-17)
Paul underscores the importance of proclaiming the gospel. He outlines a chain of steps necessary for salvation: preaching, hearing, believing, and calling on the Lord. Faith comes from hearing the message of Christ. The role of the preacher is crucial, as the message must be delivered for people to believe.
Israel’s Response to the Gospel (Romans 10:18-21)
Paul addresses Israel’s rejection of the gospel. He quotes Psalms and Isaiah to show that the message has gone out to the entire world, including Israel, but they have not all accepted it. God has continually reached out to Israel, but they have been disobedient and obstinate. This rejection opens the door for the inclusion of Gentiles.
Conclusion
Romans 9 and 10 offer a profound exploration of God’s sovereignty, human responsibility, and the nature of true righteousness. Paul articulates that righteousness comes through faith in Christ, not through the law. While many in Israel have rejected the Messiah, God’s plan remains inclusive, offering salvation to all who believe. These chapters challenge us to understand God’s purposes in history and to embrace the righteousness that comes by faith.